Magnolias

Ingredients

Baobab - [Monkey Bread Adansonia digitata of subfamily Bombacoideae]

Fruit of perhaps the weirdest tree you'll ever see - often called the "upside down tree" because it looks planted root end up. Also called the "dead rat tree" since the mature fruit turns gray and looks like a rat hanging from its tail. The fruit ranges from spherical to cucumber shaped with a hard shell containing a sweet-sour pulp. The tree, which can be 30 feet in diameter, short or tall, is native to Africa but also grows in India and Australia, and as an ornamental in the US.

Leaves are eaten as greens in Africa and the trunks are sometimes tapped for water. The fruit is the part most commonly used for it's sweet/tart flavor and high vitamin C content. The pulp is eaten directly or as an ingredient in various drinks.   Photo by J.M.Garg distributed under license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0.

Cacao - [Chocolate, Theobroma cacao]

This important mallow grows in the form of a large tree which produces flavorful seeds used to make Chocolate and Cocoa. Medicinally Chocolate is a favorite folk remedy among the ladies, considered an effective treatment for PMS, depression and soured relationships.   Photo © cg1.

Chupa Chupa - [South American Sapota, Zapote Chupa, Quararibea cordata of subfamily Bombacoideae]

Native to the rainforests of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, this fruit is popular eaten out of hand where it grows, but is pretty much unknown outside that region.   Photo by KLosma contributed to the public domain.

Cotton - [Gossypium species of subtribe Malvoideae]

Cotton leaves are not considered suitable as food, but cotton seed oil is important to the food processing industry. Originally used to make soap, this oil is now the preferred feedstock for hydrogenation, a process that makes fats solid at room temperature (Crisco, etc.). See our Oils & Health article for the full ramifications of this process. Cotton seeds contain a mild toxin (gossypol) which has been used as a male contraceptive in China. We trust this has been removed from Crisco. "New Crisco" does not use partially hydrogenated oils.   Photo © i0015.

Cupuaçu - [Cupuacu, Cupuassu, Copoasu, Theobroma grandiflorum]

Native to the tropical rain forests of the Amazon Basin this tree bears fruits about 8 inches long and weighing 2 to 4 pounds. The pulp inside the thick hard exocarp is very fragrant and has been described as "banana bubblegum". The flavor is melon-like and has long been used in juices and deserts. The edible part is an aril surrounding the seeds.

This fruit has now been "discovered" by the health food industry which needs a steady stream of new exotic "superfruits" to promote at high prices. The juice is being sold for its anti-oxidant content.

The seeds can be used to make a form of chocolate, but commercial exploitation has not yet been successful due to uneven quality of the seeds.   Photo by Christopher Hind distributed under license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0.

Durian - [Durio zibethinus of subfamily Helicteroideae]
The fruit that "tastes like Heaven and smells like Hell". Considered the "King of Fruit" in Southeast Asia, the spiny 4 to 10 pound fruits fetch a high price. In Thailand durians that have passed through an elephant (undigested) are particularly prized for their perfect ripeness. The photo specimens, purchased in an Asian market in Los Angeles, were previously frozen - fresh ones are easily available but cost 5 times as much.

The Durian is divided into 5 compartments, each with a large seed surrounded by a creamy pale yellow pulp, the part you eat, and the part that stinks. A compilation of descriptions would come up with something like "over-ripe Limburger cheese with overtones of fermenting onions and rotting fish". Others say it smells like a sewer, and some say "It's really not that bad". All who get past the smell say it tastes wonderful.

Selecting a durian is a difficult process. If a squirrel has bored into it it's probably good, but you should demand a discount. You should be able to detect an odor, but not too much. No odor means it's not ripe. Shaking it you should detect some movement inside, but not much. A heavy fruit with no movement at all means unripe. A lighter fruit with a little movement is what you want. A lot of movement or any cracks means it's overripe. Watch for worm holes in any case and don't buy wormy ones.

Caution: Durians can kill. You don't want to hang around under durian trees as the fruit is hard and heavy and high enough to kill you when it falls, and durians attract tigers who may be more interested in meeting you than you are in meeting them.   Photo © cg1.

Egyptian Spinach - see Molokhia.

Kenaf - Gongura - [Kenaf (Persia, US); Red Sorrel (English); Gongura, Ambary, Ambadi Deccan Hemp (India); Pulicha Keerai (Tamil); Teel (Africa); Java jute (Indonesia); Hibiscus cannabinus]

This is a plant of many uses: rope fiber, paper, edible leaves, oil, animal feed and bedding, fiberboard, engineered wood and thread for fabrics. Currently small crops are grown in California, Texas and Louisiana, mostly for animal feed and bedding, but you can expect it to expand as more of its uses are exploited, particularly since hemp remains illegal in the US (hemp has similar fibrous properties but is not related.

There are two varieties grown in India, the red stemmed as shown in the photo, and a green stemmed which is much less tart. The green stemmed is preferred for culinary and medicinal purposes, but I haven't seen it around here. This is a very important herb or vegetable in a good part of India (Andhra, Karala, Karnataka) and valued for its iron content. Red stemmed Kenaf now appears in our Indian groceries in California, but is quite seasonal. Details and Cooking.   Photo © cg1.

Kapok - [Java Cotton, Ceiba pentandra]

Native to the tropical Americas, this mallow is now grown commercially in Southeast Asia. It is not eaten, but the bark of the tree is used medicinally and the flowers figure in production of honey. An oil can be pressed from the seeds for use in making soap. The fibers from mature pods have long been used as stuffing for life jackets, pillows, mattresses and as a substitute for down. The fiber is buoyant and water resistant but rather flammable.   Photo by J.M.Garg distributed under license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0.

Linden: - [Lime Tree, Basswood; Tilia cordata T. platyphyllos (Europe); Tilia americana (North America)]

Native to Europe, Western Asia and Northeastern North America, this tree can grow to over 100 feet tall. Young leaves are eaten as a green, but the main uses for this tree are medicinal. The tea promotes sweating and is used for fevers, also for colds and other respiratory problems. It is also held effective for relieving anxiety. Wood and bark are also used medicinally.

Linden flowers are very aromatic. They are dried for use in making therapeutic teas. While the normal leaves of the linden are broad and heart shaped, the flowers and fruit are associated with long, narrow leaves called "bracts". These are usually included with the dried blossoms in commercial packaging.

Mallow - [Common Mallow, Cheese plant, Malva silvestris]

This common weed grows just about everywhere in North America in the Spring. The leaves are edible and can be used in salads. Green seed wheels are also edible and often picked and eaten by children. The seed wheels resemble tiny wheels of cheese, hence the name "cheese plant".   Photo © cg1.

Malva Nut - [Poontalai, Pangdahai (China); Pontalai (package labeling); Samrong; Hat luoi uoi, Duoi uoi (Viet); Mak chong, Sterculia lychnophora of subfamily Sterculioideae]

The dried fruits of this tree, native to Southeast Asia and China, are boiled, at which they foam up to about 8 times their previous volume. The seeds are then removed and the gelatinous mass is used in various cold drinks (in Southeast Asia) and cold soups and tea (in China). In Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia the drinks often also contain basil seeds, which also expand greatly when boiled. The photo shows a dried fruit (bottom left) a seed (top right) and two fruits expanded fruits with seeds removed. Dried fruits are about 1 inch long by 0.6 inch dameter while expanded size may vary.

These seeds also have significant medicinal properties. It is recommended never to boil more than three seeds per drink as over-consumption may result in watery phlegm, nausea, coughing and swollen tongue..

Marshmallow - [M. Althaea officinalis]

Probably native to Africa, this herb is used as food and as a medicinal plant through Europe, Anatolia and Caucasus. Extract from the roots was once used to make the confection that still bears its name. It is closely related to the Common Mallow which is sometimes mistaken for it but the leaf shape is pointier and the mucilaginous properties are much stronger. Illustration by Franz Eugen Kohler for Kohler's Medizinal-Pflanzen - copyright expired.

Molokhia   -   [Saluyot (Philippine); Molokhia, Mulukhiyah (Arab); Malta Sag (India); Bai po (Thai); Jew's Mallow, Egyptian Spinach, Okra Leaf, Mallow Leaf; T. Corchorus olitorius (Middle East, Africa, South & Southeast Asia) | Corchorus capsularis (Japan, China) of subfamily Grewioideae]

Fiber of mature molokhiya plants is known as Jute, but for use as food the plant is picked young and cooked as greens. As the most important green in Egyptian cooking it's available frozen in stores serving Middle Eastern communities and in season fresh in Southern California, sold as "Okra Leaf". In Egypt leaves are also dried (they are thin and dry quickly) and are crumbled into a powder for use.

The leaves are quite mucilaginous when cooked. Most Americans would consider them "slimy", but in the Middle East the effect is much liked. They are high in betacarotene, iron, calcium, vitamin C and antioxidants. Details & Cooking.   Photo © cg1.

Musk Okra - [Musk mallow, Musk seeds, Rose Mallow, Abelmoschus moschatus of subfamily Malvoideae ]

Okra - [Okra (US from West African); Lady's fingers (Brit); bhindi (India); gumbo (US South - from Bantu); Abelmoschus esculentus, formerly.Hibiscus esculentus of subfamily Malvoideae]
Originally from Ethiopia, this mallow was carried as far as India and perhaps Southeast Asia by Arab traders. It spread through much of Africa and came to the US. with the slave trade. Okra is now grown world wide and is particularly important in the US South, Africa, the Middle East and India. The photo specimens were up to 5 inches long by 1 inch in diameter, about as large as you'd want them.

In African, Middle Eastern and Southern US cooking okra is valued for it's mucilaginousness (sliminess) which adds body to broths and sauces, but in other parts of the world, India, for example, cooking methods are designed specifically to suppress this characteristic.

Okra Leaves are used in African cooking, but what is sold as "Okra Leaves" in Southern California is a different mallow, Molokhia. Seeds from mature okra pods are pressed for oil in some regions and roasted seeds were used as a substitute for coffee for plantation slaves during the American Civil War. For those who fondly remember eating the seed wheels of Common Mallow as children, the taste can be recaptured in more convenient form by eating okra pods raw. Details & Cooking   Photo © cg1.

Roselle - [Hibiscus, Jamaica, Jamaican Sorrel; Meshta (India); M. Hibiscus sabdariffa]

Used worldwide as a medicinal and to make various teas and beverages, the dried flower parts are now commonly found in the US in herb shops and ethnic markets. The stems of mature plants are also used for fiber when jute is not available. The major producers are China and Thailand, with Thailand being the high quality exporter, and, as usual, China falling short on quality. Other regions (North Africa, Mexico, India, Caribbean, Malaysia) produce mainly for domestic consumption.

In the growing regions the leaves are often cooked as greens and resemble a spicy version of spinach.   Photo © cg1.

Achiote - [Aploppas; Achiotl (Nahuatl); Bixa orellana of family Bixaceae]

This tree is native to the tropical Americas and is used as a coloring and flavoring (annatto) through much of tropical North America, Central and South America and the Caribbean. It was taken by the Spanish to the Philippines where it is quite popular, and used to a much lesser extent in the rest of Southeast Asia and parts of India. Details and Cooking.   Photo by Eric in SF distributed under license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0.

Muntingia - [Jamaican cherry, Panama Berry, Singapore Cherry, Strawberry Tree; Bolaina, Yamanaza, Cacaniqua, Capulin Blanco, Nigua, Riguito, Memizo, Memiso (Spanish); Kersen (Indonesia); Ceri Kampung (Malaysia); Aratilis, Aratiles, Manzanitas (Filipino); M. Muntingia calabura of family Muntingiaceae]

Native to the tropical Americas and as far south as Bolivia, this tree is now grown in Southeast Asia and parts of India. The small fruits grow to a little over 1/2 inch and are very well liked through its range. They are very sweet and said to taste like cotton candy. Only in Malaysia are they harvested for commercial sale, everywhere else they are just foraged, mainly by children.   Photo by Jim Conrad contributed to the public domain.